Part 2: Slot 0: framing

Slot 0 is where a sentence declares what kind of act it is, before one word of content. Five intents and one dress: wa asks, no requests, lu supposes, su hopes, pi softens whichever of them it wraps. Absence is the sixth option and the commonest: no frame, plain statement.

pi wa thia towe nai.
POL Q 2SG well be.
(Are you well? — politely asked)

su theula towe nai.
OPT UNIV well be.
(May all be well.)

lu thia naphe. mia towe phaelo.
COND 2SG help. 1SG well feel.
(If you help, I feel well.)

Politeness is the outermost frame

When Slot 0 particles combine, pi comes first, always (pi wa, pi no, pi su), and ch21 §2 gives the reason in one line: respect is the outermost frame, wrapped around even the sentence's own speech-act. The listener hears care before they hear what kind of sentence is coming, which is the modifier-first principle applied to feelings.

pi su thia towe nai.
POL OPT 2SG well be.
(I hope, respectfully, that you are well.)

The irrealis: lu he

lu alone supposes something real or likely; lu he supposes against the world: counterfactuals, roads not taken. he exists only here, canon-bound to lu:

lu he mia to naphe. shia to ma wepu.
COND IRR 1SG PST help. 3SG PST NEG go.
(If I had helped — but I didn't — they would not have left.)

What Slot 0 does not do

Two boundary notes worth fixing early. First, the intents do not stack with each other: the corpus never asks a wish or commands a question: a sentence performs one speech-act, and pi is the only particle that dresses another. (pi lu itself is unattested; nobody has yet needed a polite if.) Second, kona is not Slot 0, however sentence-initial it looks: the vocative stands outside the sentence entirely, its own little utterance with its own period (ch21 §1, the naming pamphlet). kona melu. wa thia towe nai. is a call and then a framed sentence: two acts, two periods.

Deep coverage elsewhere

Each frame has its own literature now: wa and the questions that need no wa are the punctuation pamphlet, part 2; su has lothea thole entirely to itself (one text, twenty-three su); no's gentleness is ch10 §5. This part's job is only the system: five intents, one dress, politeness first, absence meaningful.

Drill: one thought, five frames

Take thia sulopa pilewa. (you make soup) and reframe it aloud: as a question; a request; a condition with a consequence of your own; a wish; then the polite question and the polite request. Check yourself:

  1. wa thia sulopa pilewa. 2. no sulopa pilewa. (the subject rests: requests address their doer) 3. lu thia sulopa pilewa. mia seniku. 4. su thia sulopa pilewa. Odd as a wish? Then feel why: hoping aloud about someone's soup-making is a strange spend of su. The strangeness is the drill working: frames are not decorations, they are claims about why you are speaking. 5. pi wa thia sulopa pilewa. 6. pi no sulopa pilewa.
‹ Part 1: One machine, three scopesall pamphletsPart 3: Slot 1: tense and aspect ›