Part 4: Slot 1: voice (who acts)

The third rank answers one question: who is doing this, and who set it in motion? Two particles live here: the passive se and, since the July rulings, the causative ka. It moved home from the modals because it does exactly what se does: it restructures who acts, and claims nothing about certainty or obligation.

se: the receiver speaks

nophi se kealo.
story PASS create.
(The story is created.)

The patient steps into subject position; the agent steps back, sayable in a prepositional phrase or honestly absent. The metta text shows se doing its subtlest work inside relatives: [rena se nila], the seen; [rena se ma nila], the unseen. These build referents English needs fossilized participles for.

ka: the second author on the record

lopia nulae.              mia lopia ka nulae.
child sleep.              1SG child CAUS sleep.
(The child sleeps.)       (I make the child sleep.)

The causer takes the subject seat; the original actor becomes the object; and the influence itself (instruction, persuasion, an invitation, a book left where it would be found) goes on the record. ch15 §2 owns the doctrine and its ethics: if you were the cause, saying so costs one syllable, and not saying so is a choice you made.

The compositions the ruling opened

With ka seated in voice, the machinery composes cleanly, in the fixed rank order:

lopia se ka nulae.
child PASS CAUS sleep.
(The child is made to sleep.)

mia lopia ka na nulae.
1SG child CAUS NEC sleep.
(I must make the child sleep.)

mia lopia to ka ma nulae.
1SG child PST CAUS NEG sleep.
(I did not make the child sleep.)

Three lines, three new reaches. se ka (the voice rank's single licensed pairing, in that order only) lets the caused party speak first. ka na and ka po put obligation and ability around the whole act of causing (voice precedes modality; the modal scopes the caused event). And ka ma is the ruled reading worth sitting with: it denies the causation itself. In a language built for accountability, "I did not make them do it" is a sentence that needs to be clean, exact, and always available, and now it is one particle's width from its affirmation. Making someone refrain is a different act, and it takes its own verb or two clauses; the grammar refuses to blur the two.

Drill: the authorship set

Subject mia, child, verb wile (play). Say the whole family aloud:

1. The child plays.
2. I make the child play.
3. I made the child play.
4. I must make the child play.
5. I can make the child play.
6. The child is made to play.
7. I did not make the child play.

Answers: 1 lopia wile. 2 mia lopia ka wile. 3 mia lopia to ka wile. 4 mia lopia ka na wile. 5 mia lopia ka po wile. 6 lopia se ka wile. 7 mia lopia to ka ma wile. Then say 7 once more and notice what it does not deny: that the child played. Only your authorship is withdrawn. That precision is the whole reason ka lives in voice.