Appendix: the complete inventory

Thirty-five particles: the whole grammar, one page.

Slot 0: the frame (first, or absent)

ParticleGlossDuty
waQannounces a yes/no question
noIMPannounces a request or gentle command
luCONDannounces a condition; consequence follows as its own sentence
heIRRirrealis, exists only as lu he, the counterfactual
suOPTannounces a wish; claims nothing, demands nothing
piPOLpoliteness, the outermost frame, always first

Slot 1: the stack (before the verb, ranked, one per rank)

Tense > Aspect > Voice > Evidentiality > Modality > Negation

RankParticleGlossDuty
tensetoPSTpast; unmarked is present
tensesoFUTfuture
aspectkiPFVcomplete at the tense's reference time (ki have, to ki had, so ki will have)
aspectsiIPFVongoing, mid-flow, never habit
aspectpaINCHbeginning
aspectteCESSending, the language's only stop
aspectroHABhabitual, characteristic, the pattern
voicesePASSthe receiver speaks; agent optional
voicekaCAUSthe second author on the record; pairs only as se ka
evid.hiDIRwitnessed, the claim, never the default
evid.keINFERinferred from evidence
evid.tiREPreceived from another
evid.hoASSUMassumed from pattern
modalpoPOTpossible, able; po ma cannot
modalnaNECnecessary; na ma must not; ka na must make
neg.maNEGlast, against the verb; ka ma denies the causation

Slot 2: the word's dress (immediately before its word, nesting wider-first)

we/li > ha/ra > lo/numerals > ko > ru/mo > word

ParticleGlossDuty
weALSOadds an echo across sentences
liRESTRthe fence: identity only, never quantity
haPROXthis; also a locative predicate with nai
raDISTthat; likewise
loPLunquantified plural; never beside a numeral
nuORDposition, before its numeral
koFOCthe pointing finger; with mo makes the superlative
ruINTSintensity, on the word it touches
moCMPRmore; mo ko most; sheo carries the than
neNAMEthe spoken capital (the naming pamphlet)
saHON.RESPECTannounced respect
niHON.INTIMannounced closeness
leHON.ROLEannounced regard for a role

The ruled readings, one line each

Cross-references

‹ Part 11: Exercisesall pamphlets